Category Archives: EMC Measurements

Minimalist EMI Antenna

One of my clients asked me to research really low-cost EMI antennas they could use for bench top troubleshooting radiated emissions. I wanted ones that included long coax cables and had common connectors attached. A quick search on Amazon revealed a couple affordable antennas that could be used. After ordering them, here are the results.

BingFu Dipole Antenna (Amazon: https://www.amazon.com/dp/B08HRPPRFM/) $10

This one has a fixed total length of 10.5 inches (half wave), so the resonant frequency would be 565 MHz. This would still work for most emissions, so long as it was positioned close enough to the EUT. If it could be placed at least 1m away and still observe the emissions, that would be fine. There is a sticky pad on the back where you could stick the antenna to a stick or wall for support. It includes a 2m long coax cable with BNC connector.

Garoua SDR Dipole Antenna (Amazon: https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0DLVC2DWM) $32

This one is much more versatile and the telescoping elements can adjust from 14 inches to 38 inches (half wave) and resonates from 77 to 422 MHz. This would be a much better choice, given that most emissions are in the range 90 to 300 MHz. For good measure, they also included a ferrite choke on the shorter cable. The included suction cup mount doesn’t appear to be a very reliable mounting solution, so I’d recommend a full-size or table top tripod to mount it. The antenna base includes a common 1/4-inch-24 threaded socket, so is designed to fit normal tripod screws. This one comes with a shorter coax cable and SMA connector, but with a longer 2m extension cable. I had to tighten the two hinge screws in order to keep the dipole elements in place. I’d probably use this one over the BingFu model.

Because neither of these antennas have calibrated antenna factors, they would only be useful for relative troubleshooting measurements. “Are the emissions getting higher or lower?”

Affordable Handheld Spectrum Analyzer “Sniffer”

I’ve had my TinySA Ultra Plus for a while now and am finding it useful as a general EMI “sniffer” for radiated emissions troubleshooting, especially on large equipment or subassemblies where the noise source may be buried within the system. I still like my AIM-TTi PSA6005 (10 MHz to 6 GHz) handheld analyzer for more accurate field measurements ($3,250), but for an inexpensive “quick and dirty” measurement, the TinySA Ultra fills the bill nicely.

The base specs for the ZS406: Spectrum Analyzer for 0.1-900MHz or, with Ultra mode enabled up to 5.3 GHz, and level calibrated up to 6GHz. You can actually observe signals up to 12 GHz. There is also an RF signal generator with sine wave output between 0.1-900MHz or square wave up to 4.4 GHz. Caution, overdriving the input beyond +10 dBm can destroy the front-end input switch. See below for a protective device. Although users have successfully replaced the surface mount switch, I’d just treat the analyzer respectfully and avoid the issue. Don’t use this around high-power transmitters!

In order to duplicate this, order the Tiny from an approved dealer, as there are many underperforming clones. Visit https://www.tinysa.org/wiki/ for lists of approved vendors. There are now three models of TinySA Ultra, with the two newer “Plus” models and I’d probably choose the ZS406 or ZS407. In the U.S., the preferred dealer seems to be R and L Electronics. The TinySA Ultra Plus (ZS406) is listed there at $160. I purchased my original on Amazon from SeeSii Electronics (an approved vendor) for $250 in 2023 (it’s now listed at $170).

For protection, it’s recommended to install a Mini-Circuits VLM-33W-2W-S+ SMA limiter onto the RF input port ($65). Since many near field probes use a male SMB connector, I purchased a set of SMA to SMB adapters from Amazon ($8.40). They’re brass-plated, not gold, ha ha!

Now, plugging in the near field probe results in a handy spectrum sniffer for locating those nasty emissions. Long time readers know I prefer the longer and thinner Beehive Electronics near field probe kit for general EMC troubleshooting. In the example above, I’m using the larger Beehive model 100C H-field probe and measuring the radiated emissions from a six-port charging station and looking from 100 kHz to 200 MHz. Beehive sells a set of four near field probes for $325. I plan to take this with me on a client job next week, so there may be more to report in actual field use.

I wrote a more detailed review of this analyzer here.

All My Recent Blog Articles In One Place!

ARTICLES OVER THE LAST COUPLE YEARS++

I decided to list links to all the recent EMC-related articles I’ve written in the past years in ONE PLACE! While I hope this reference will help many, I also did this for myself as well. Ha ha! Please enjoy the bed time reading.
EMC engineering and related product design and test is an important field. Here are some links to my recent articles. You’ll also want to subscribe (free) to In Compliance Magazine, Interference Technology Magazine and EMC Aware.

The EMC Blog (I wrote for many years) for EDN (EDN.com).

EMC Bench Notes for In Compliance Magazine (incompliancemag.com).

My articles for Interference Technology Magazine (interferencetechnology.com).

My articles for EE World (eeworldonline.com).

Practical EMC, my articles for Signal Integrity Journal (signalintegrityjournal.com).

My articles for Test & Measurement Tips (testandmeasurementtips.com).

My Amazon Author Page (U.S.), where you may purchase my “EMC Troubleshooting Trilogy”, which includes a few of the articles above. This page should be available in other Amazon country storefronts.

EMC Troubleshooting Trilogy!

PRODUCT DESIGNERS! HAVING ISSUES WITH EMC? The top three issues I deal with constantly include radiated emissions, radiated immunity and ESD. These books provide practical advice on fixing these issues right on your own workbench!

If you’d like to learn more about the Trilogy and how they can help you troubleshoot product design issues right on your workbench, please check out my Amazon Author Page!

EMC Mini Guides!

Hi everyone,

We at Interference Technology Magazine managed to produce 10 new EMC Mini Guides during 2017! Feel free to download one, or more, of our FREE EMC Guides! Choose from Mil/Aero, EMC Fundamentals, Filters, Shielding, Pre-compliance Testing, and more!

Scroll down near the bottom of our home page to see them all: http://www.interferencetechnology.com.

Some of my most popular articles

Hi All,

I thought you all might be interested in some of my most popular articles written for Interference Technology. Here are the top five:

The HF current probe: theory and application – http://www.interferencetechnology.com/the-hf-current-probe-theory-and-application/

Inexpensive radiated immunity pre-compliance testing – http://www.interferencetechnology.com/inexpensive-radiated-immunity-pre-compliance-testing/

Spread spectrum clock generation – theory and debate – http://www.interferencetechnology.com/spread-spectrum-clock-generation-theory-and-debate/

Troubleshooting radiated emissions using low-cost bench-top methods – http://www.interferencetechnology.com/troubleshooting-radiated-emissions-using-low-cost-bench-top-methods/

Harmonic comb generators are useful tools – http://www.interferencetechnology.com/harmonic-comb-generators-are-useful-tools/

Hope you enjoy them!

2014 Blog Highlights (Part 2)

Using current probes to estimate E-fields – Current probes are one of my most-used EMI troubleshooting tools. Frequently, a product’s I/O or power cables are often an appreciable fraction of a wavelength, so are a source of radiated emissions. This occurs if common-mode currents are allowed to travel along the cable or cable shield. Current probes may be used to measure these small (frequently in the uA) currents. Reducing such noise currents on those lines can often reduce the radiated emissions from the equipment under test.

Current probe Fig1-600

Gaps in return planes – yes or no? – As a participant during the panel discussion on EMC versus SI at the recent DesignCon 2014, I sensed (along with some in the audience) that there was disagreement as to whether it was OK to cross a gap in the return plane with a high speed, fast-edged, signal. Unfortunately, there was too little time in which to come to an agreement or to illustrate the conditions in which it was OK, or not OK. This article explains why this is NOT a good idea.

Gap in Plane-CM

Using current probes to estimate E-fields – If your product is failing radiated emissions at the test lab, it’s often more cost-effective to perform any detailed troubleshooting at your own facility where you can take time to methodically isolate the source and try out several potential fixes. Unfortunately, many companies don’t have the equipment or training to make these simple measurements. This article describes a easy method for measuring radiated emissions and providing a rough estimate of pass/fail.

Fig1-TS RE

Review: Signal Hound BB60C real time 6 GHz spectrum analyzer (Part 1) – The Signal Hound series of spectrum analyzers are about as small as three large-size Hershey chocolate bars stacked on top of each other. The unit offered for review is the recently released model BB60C real time analyzer, which can tune from 9 kHz to 6 GHz with a dynamic range of +10 to approximately -158 dBm (DANL, which is dependent on resolution BW). It can easily fit within a standard briefcase with room left over for a medium sized laptop.

Signal Hound BB60C 20140701-104

Review: Signal Hound BB60C real time 6 GHz spectrum analyzer (Part 2) – In Part 1 of this review, we discussed the basic architecture, specifications and controls of the Signal Hound BB60C real-time spectrum analyzer. In Part 2, we’ll show you some actual measurements and several screen captures.

STM32-F4 Controller 1 to 500MHz-600

2014 Blog Highlights (Part 1)

Sorry about getting a little behind in postings. Here are some of the highlights of postings on the EDN.com site:

Review: inexpensive RF generator – During one of my presentations on low-cost EMC troubleshooting tools at the IEEE EMC Symposium last August, one of the attendees, Doug Miller, mentioned a small PC-controllable RF generator for just $190. Of course, I had to buy one and try it out!

Fig1-TPI Synthesizer-600

Review: Windfreak Technologies SynthNV RF generator – Every once in a while, I discover a product that is so incredible I wonder why it hasn’t been publicized more widely. This is the case with Windfreak Technologies $599 miniature RF generator, the model “SynthNV” (Figure 1). In case you’re wondering, their company is named after the owner’s sailboat!

WF Fig1

Detecting ESD Events – In my experience, electrostatic discharge (ESD) issues have now become the second-most prevalent issue other than radiated emissions. If you find your product has exhibits random upsets, such as loss of data or unusual circuit resets, it could very well be caused by ESD. This article describes several methods to detect these events.

ESD Detector

Harmonic Analyzer Tool – Because of their typically fast edge rates, crystal oscillators can generate a large number of high-order harmonics. This harmonic analyzer was created by my coauthor, Patrick André, with additional formatting tweaks by myself. I find this really handy to calculate harmonics from clock oscillators.

Review: TTi PSA2702T handheld spectrum analyzer – One thing that I find handy is a small hand held spectrum analyzer for use in troubleshooting EMI issues. As I travel a lot in my job, I like to take the minimum amount of test equipment possible. Unfortunately, most good quality analyzers are large, heavy and expensive. About ten years ago, I ran into the Thurlby Thandar Instruments (TTi) PSA2701T and have used it extensively since then. During that time, I reviewed it several times. In May 2013, TTi completely redesigned and repackaged this analyzer and released it as the PSA2702T. This is a review of the new PSA2702T, which I have used for several months now.

PSA2702T

Measuring Resonance in Cables

Cables or other metal (antenna-like) structures often couple to sources of common-mode currents and end up radiating, causing product failures during compliance testing. During the troubleshooting process, it would be helpful to determine the resonance of these cables or structures to confirm they are the source of certain harmonic signals.

We could certainly measure the length of the cables or metal structures, but often, they are connected to other conductive assemblies, such as circuit boards or brackets. Because of these system inter-relationships, it’s not always easy to predict the resonances within a system, and so there’s always a little uncertainty as to where to start the troubleshooting process. These simple techniques may help quickly identify potential resonances within your system or product.

Continue reading…

Fig1 - Setup

PC Board Resonance

 How many of you have beat down a harmonic at one end of the spectrum, only to have an otherwise low harmonic rise up above the limit at the higher end of the spectrum? This is often termed the “ballon effect”, where squeezing one end of a balloon makes it expand at the other end. This is usually due to board resonances within the PC board itself.
I recently received an interesting observation from fellow EMC consultant, Mike Farnet, following an experiment he performed on reducing the emissions from a client’s embedded ARM processor board with Ethernet. There were strong 25 MHz harmonics from the PHY circuit, as is usual for these low-cost boards. The original harmonic was peaking strongly at 150 MHz. Here is his discussion:I use a 5407 EMCO GTEM and a Rigol DSA-815 TG+EMC spectrum analyzer.  I use LabView to collect the data from my spectrum analyzer.I am working on a 25 MHz issue on an embedded ARM board with Ethernet.  The strongest offending harmonic is at 150 MHz.  See Figure 1.

Figure 1 – The harmonic profile before the capacitors were changed.

I was growing tired of waiting to collect 16000 data points for the 3 positions in the GTEM and was contemplating limiting the scan window to the 150 MHz target for faster debugging when the scan in Figure 2 told me “Bad Idea.”

Figure 2 – The harmonic profile after the capacitors were changed.

For my answer, click here…